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Sreedevi, B.
- Induction of Defense Enzymes in Trichoderma harzianum Treated Groundnut Plants against Macrophomina phaseolina
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, IN
1 Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 25, No 1 (2011), Pagination: 33–39Abstract
Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma harzianum isolated from the rhizosphere of groundnut was determined in vitro. T. harzianum decreased the ischolar_main rot incidence in vivo. Potential of T. harzianum to induce systemic resistance was tested in groundnut against Macrophomina phaseolina. Biochemical changes in T. harzianum treated plants, M. phaseolina inoculated plants and healthy plants were assayed at different stages of infection. Treatment with T. harzianum and challenge inoculation of M. phaseolina enhanced induction of defense enzymes such as peroxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and defense compounds like total phenol and ortho-dihydric phenol. Total phenols, ortho-dihydric phenols, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities increased at different stages of infection. T. harizanum treatment along with challenge inoculation of the pathogen significantly increased the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase by about 28.2 % and 95.5%, respectively, in ischolar_mains at stage 2 compared to untreated plants. Increased levels of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were induced in ischolar_main and shoot of treated plants indicating the systemic protection offered to groundnut by T. harzianum. The observations revealed that T. harzianum was capable of inducing systemic resistance against M. phaseolina by eliciting the production of defense enzymes.Keywords
Trichoderma harzianum, Macrophomina phaseolina,Total Phenols, Ortho-Dihydric Phenols, Peroxidase, Polyphenol Oxidase, Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR).Full Text
References
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- Evaluation of Quality of Service Metrics for Hacking and Counter Hacking Mechanism in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, SASTRA University, Kumbakonam - 612001, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, SASTRA University, Kumbakonam - 612001, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8, No 23 (2015), Pagination:Abstract
Objectives: The work is to identify the Quality of Service metrics for mobile ad hoc networks during hacking and counter hacking mechanism. Methods: The various quality metrics such as end to end delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio is determined. The implementation is done using ns2 simulator with the nodes at random waypoint mobility model. The performance is measured during intruder attack and counter attack for 20 nodes with 1000 packets of 512 bytes size. Findings: The simulation results showed a significant increase in packet delivery ratio for counter attack mechanism (98) when compared with intruder attack, which gave least value (40.6). This work is also compared with Anti Black Hole Mechanism and is found to be efficient in terms of packet delivery ratio. Improvements: In this work, all the nodes are assumed to be of maximum energy in terms of its battery power. While routing the energy drops and this is a major issue in ad hoc nodes. The future work will focus on energy efficiency during routing process.Keywords
Anti-Black Hole Mechanism, Counter Attack, Intruder Attack, Packet Delivery Ratio, Quality of Service, Through Put.Full Text
- Beta-Lactamase Antimicrobial Resistance in Klebsiella and Enterobacter Species Isolated from Healthy and Diarrheic Dogs in Andhra Pradesh, India
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Materials and Methods: A total of 136 rectal swabs were collected from healthy (92) and diarrheic (44) dogs, bacteriological cultured for Klebsiella and Enterobacter growth and screened for beta-lactamase antimicrobial resistance phenotypically by disc diffusion method and genotypically by polymerase chain reaction targeting blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M Group 1, 2, blaAmpC, blaACC, and blaMOX genes.
Results: A total of 33 Klebsiella and 29 Enterobacter isolates were recovered. Phenotypic beta-lactamase resistance was detected in 66.6% and 25% of Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates, respectively, from healthy dogs and 66.6% and 60% of Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates, respectively, from diarrheic dogs. Overall, incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was found to be 21.2% (7/33) in Klebsiella isolates, whereas none of the Enterobacter isolates exhibited ESBL phenotype. Predominant beta-lactamase genes detected in Klebsiella species include blaSHV (84.8%), followed by blaTEM (33.3%), blaCTX-M Group 1 (15.1%), and blaOXA (6.1%) gene. Predominant beta-lactamase genes detected in Enterobacter species include blaSHV (48.2%), followed by blaTEM (24.1%), blaAmpC (13.7%), and blaOXA (10.3%) gene.
Conclusion: The present study highlighted alarming beta-lactamase resistance in Klebsiella and Enterobacter species of canine origin in India with due emphasis as indicators of antimicrobial resistance.
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IN
1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
Veterinary World, Vol 10, No 8 (2017), Pagination: 950-954Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to characterize beta-lactamase antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella and Enterobacter species isolated from healthy and diarrheic dogs in Andhra Pradesh.Materials and Methods: A total of 136 rectal swabs were collected from healthy (92) and diarrheic (44) dogs, bacteriological cultured for Klebsiella and Enterobacter growth and screened for beta-lactamase antimicrobial resistance phenotypically by disc diffusion method and genotypically by polymerase chain reaction targeting blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M Group 1, 2, blaAmpC, blaACC, and blaMOX genes.
Results: A total of 33 Klebsiella and 29 Enterobacter isolates were recovered. Phenotypic beta-lactamase resistance was detected in 66.6% and 25% of Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates, respectively, from healthy dogs and 66.6% and 60% of Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates, respectively, from diarrheic dogs. Overall, incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was found to be 21.2% (7/33) in Klebsiella isolates, whereas none of the Enterobacter isolates exhibited ESBL phenotype. Predominant beta-lactamase genes detected in Klebsiella species include blaSHV (84.8%), followed by blaTEM (33.3%), blaCTX-M Group 1 (15.1%), and blaOXA (6.1%) gene. Predominant beta-lactamase genes detected in Enterobacter species include blaSHV (48.2%), followed by blaTEM (24.1%), blaAmpC (13.7%), and blaOXA (10.3%) gene.
Conclusion: The present study highlighted alarming beta-lactamase resistance in Klebsiella and Enterobacter species of canine origin in India with due emphasis as indicators of antimicrobial resistance.
Keywords
Beta-Lactamase Resistance, Dogs, Enterobacter, Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, Klebsiella.Full Text
- Effect of Herbicides on Feeding, Survival and Development of Haltica cyanea, a Biocontrol Agent of Dicot Weed, Ammania baccifera L. in Rice Ecosystem
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Authors
Affiliations
1 ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, IN
1 ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 33, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 117-121Abstract
Ammania baccifera L. (Fam: Lathyraceae) is one of the predominant weeds in paddy fields. In nature, the adults and grubs of Haltica cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feed varaciously on the leaves of this weed leading to drying of the plants. In recent times with the gradual change in cultivation practices and increase in labour shortage the use of weedicides in rice ecosystem has increased tremendously. In an endeavour to explore the possibility of the use of these beetles as biocontrol agents, laboratory studies were carried out at ICAR-IIRR to compare the efficacy of H. cyanea as a biocontrol agent in comparison with the two recommended herbicides and also study the effect of these herbicides on the biology of the beetle. The two recommended herbicides, 2,4-D Na salt 80% (for broadleaved weeds) @800g a.i/ha and Metsulfuron methyl 10% + chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP (for broadleaved and sedges) @4ga.i/ha were tested against A. baccifera and the larval stages of H. cyanea. The effect of these herbicides on survival, feeding, longevity and biology of the bioagent was studied through leaf dip and pot spray method. It was observed that there was 21.67% reduction in shoot weight in beetle released plants as compared to herbicide treatment wherein 38.5-49.3% reduction in shoot weight was observed within 48h. Both the herbicides affected the biology of the insect and between the two herbicides, 2,4-D Na salt was more toxic to the grubs as compared to Metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl.
Keywords
Ammania baccifera, Biocontrol Agent, Haltica cyanea (=Alticacyanea), Herbicides, Weed Control Efficiency.Full Text
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